无法从网页中抓取产品标题
我正在尝试使用请求模块在此网页中抓取可用产品的标题，但AttributeError即使产品标题位于页面源 ( ctrl + U) 中，脚本也会始终抛出。
我试过 ( throws AttributeError):
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
link = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36',
}
res = requests.get(link, headers=headers)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text,"lxml")
try:
product_title = soup.select_one("h1 > span").get_text(strip=True)
except AttributeError: product_title = ""
print(product_title)
预期输出：
Gigabyte GeForce RTX 3070 Aorus Master 8GB OC GPU
如何从该网页抓取产品标题？
PS 我也尝试过使用这个库cloudcraper，但没有运气。
编辑：
这是raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self) requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url我运行以下代码时得到的结果：
import cfscrape
url = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36',
}
token, agent = cfscrape.get_tokens(url, headers=headers)
print(token, agent)
我知道我可以使用cf_clearancecookie 中的值来访问页面内容，如果我可以从上面的尝试中获取令牌的值。
回答
这只是研究的一个占位符，可能对其他查看Cloudflare 绕过问题的人有用。
用例
从使用Cloudflare CAPTCHA 或 Javascript 挑战的网站抓取信息以增强保护。
Python请求
使用标准Python 请求。获取Cloudflare服务将返回 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
import requests
URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX'
'-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}
response = requests.get(URL, headers=headers)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden
如果我们查看response.headers，我们可以看到Cloudflare服务器将我们的请求代理到目标 URL。
...continued from the code above
for key, value in response.headers.items():
print(f'KEY NAME: {key}')
print(f'KEY VALUE: {value}')
print('-----------------------')
# output
KEY NAME: Date
KEY VALUE: Sun, 13 Jun 2021 16:39:03 GMT
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Content-Type
KEY VALUE: text/html; charset=UTF-8
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Transfer-Encoding
KEY VALUE: chunked
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Connection
KEY VALUE: close
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Permissions-Policy
KEY VALUE: accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),fullscreen=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Cache-Control
KEY VALUE: private, max-age=0, no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Expires
KEY VALUE: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT
-----------------------
KEY NAME: X-Frame-Options
KEY VALUE: SAMEORIGIN
-----------------------
KEY NAME: cf-request-id
KEY VALUE: 0aa7d6c7c4000007ff7201b000000001
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Expect-CT
KEY VALUE: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Set-Cookie
KEY VALUE: __cf_bm=72427e2af66c7177feeb88a847fae9c26b66c681-1623602343-1800-AZAmqDfaHZU8IXOH/i3BBVf8pGcws0Gc1Tln5yKUepe3utWlCpagxvALDW6wiHd2pli9Zl45Mg8gC/QSoUFhoes=; path=/; expires=Sun, 13-Jun-21 17:09:03 GMT; domain=.cclonline.com; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=None
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Vary
KEY VALUE: Accept-Encoding
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Server
KEY VALUE: cloudflare
-----------------------
KEY NAME: CF-RAY
KEY VALUE: 65ecc0b9383b07ff-ATL
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Content-Encoding
KEY VALUE: gzip
-----------------------
如果我们查看与Python 请求关联的response.text，我们可以看到与Cloudflare保护相关的其他证据。
...continued from the code above
print(response.text)
# output
truncated...
<title>Please Wait... | Cloudflare</title>
<meta name="captcha-bypass" />
truncated...
<form action="/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/?__cf_chl_managed_tk__=7d4597196bb14948881846ca16631b64c55f06d3-1623602854-0-AcX2yHJM2sCalL03Opq9RiFjASeYE0Xs0KG4XeG1lezzhzEyu-bL8xsdHuEjNIIKaJkWEmha4DhViRlqWEP_HREOdA8YAY7nnNkBAHbNMs6p_AWgYNLPnSNM13PO2I96hdABtoaaKjOzV4AyJQJ8f08XEW2flN97rPxIMeiR0tI1a3PiON2dN9E_YCyneAuCUfaYWUNGL0Bqd_rkYp3Ljb2zk_kGWizckr1fvhodSEjEB-ByYVK8ODNox2oZ4XPcmCYJ6UNDmbNc406BjMeTf3e72Z7vgdnt3V714VrGN4w_Y4VQ2X1V0OVKUKEH9B5Rxa_4fEZiMAAdxZ6idg69JYMKftuuLemr53n5WAwTwyX2G7N9jmjtarxEQcCqoj9oY7oSFwQTb3ZVb9i5EeavKaE1_67wxpyPybNidBDxhLazDEMefPZGDsV9mSziuIQ90nS5vn-7sUvC8BJATNWPbh6OduchXy-QcMeYhurtukUCm3oDQMP7r4g4qvDCWI3_-ku7u-B4G2XI2kwM_tLVEZiH5uHPjWpHE6eFWohiCTxd4p7vHg7z5ug9feRalYqu3GfInd82GZ-j-7nCqLDmPh2Sjlu6sJGfopqM3XlBrd1kgRZU3Z4uw6JIIqfH0M6K3_weTtem0-Z1zhDUBbVDvgJVeHNNh_bTxHGWbFB0f80tALBMbt67RftO5u1XBUZ-TRftteXBwJ8gmYzOZTo4lQOGQ_771urYXsTuW_sp8PwxvQpEyCnY8zD8dmVz0-waZhOet8MQMwduN2nfGUOrCMwUYO9McsBqzfsT5PJZVkDm-rYBBwqw0PIwvm1-N8ymAjrpSN6ps4FerqK1uQOo77FLiOq8JCOVqdETIZ9NO07A" method="POST" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
truncated...
<input type="hidden" name="r" value="d5db3eb87c9b42ec7f076916611c296abfd2c842-1623602854-0-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">
<input type="hidden" name="cf_captcha_kind" value="h">
<input type="hidden" name="vc" value="4845a44c225a1fa6a61708e11b613971">
truncated...
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
(function(){
var isIE = /(MSIE|Trident/|Edge/)/i.test(window.navigator.userAgent);
var trkjs = isIE ? new Image() : document.createElement('img');
trkjs.setAttribute("src", "/cdn-cgi/images/trace/managed/js/transparent.gif?ray=65eccd326d61f331");
trkjs.id = "trk_managed_js";
trkjs.setAttribute("alt", "");
document.body.appendChild(trkjs);
var cpo=document.createElement('script');
cpo.type='text/javascript';
cpo.src="/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/managed/v1?ray=65eccd326d61f331";
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);
}());
//]]>
</script>
上述信息显示，传输到目标 URL 的 Python 请求被Cloudflare服务器拦截，这对请求进行了挑战。在允许继续初始请求之前，必须绕过此挑战。
cfscrape 包
OP 表示他们试图使用cfscrape Python 包从Cloudflare服务器获取令牌信息。
标准 cfscrape 请求提供与Python 请求相同的响应。
import cfscrape
URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX'
'-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}
scraper = cfscrape.create_scraper(delay=10)
response = scraper.get(URL, headers=headers)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden
所述cfscrape包也支持的功能get_tokens和get_cookie_string，但是这两种产生403禁止错误代码。
来自cfscrape源代码：
def is_cloudflare_captcha_challenge(resp):
return (
resp.status_code == 403
and resp.headers.get("Server", "").startswith("cloudflare")
and b"/cdn-cgi/l/chk_captcha" in resp.content
)
# the function above is called from this
def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
resp = super(CloudflareScraper, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)
# Check if Cloudflare captcha challenge is presented
if self.is_cloudflare_captcha_challenge(resp):
self.handle_captcha_challenge(resp, url)
# Check if Cloudflare anti-bot "I'm Under Attack Mode" is enabled
if self.is_cloudflare_iuam_challenge(resp):
resp = self.solve_cf_challenge(resp, **kwargs)
return resp
该handle_captcha_challenge功能就是试图解决的CloudFlare JavaScript的挑战。这部分代码是失败的。目前尚不清楚该部分的哪一部分失败，因此需要进行额外的研究和测试。
请注意：根据软件包的开发人员，该模块不再受支持。
云层包
OP 还表示，他们试图使用cloudcraper Python 包从Cloudflare服务器获取令牌信息。cloudcraper是从cfscrape分叉出来的，没什么价值，所以语法类似。
cloudcraper获得与cfscrape相同的 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
import cloudscraper
URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX'
'-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}
scraper = cloudscraper.create_scraper()
response = scraper.get(URL)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden
所述cloudscraper包也支持的功能get_tokens和get_cookie_string，但是这两种产生403禁止错误代码。
硒包
OP 还表示他们试图使用selenium Python 包。
特别说明：在我的测试过程中，我将 selenium 与Google Chrome、Mozilla Firefox和Microsoft Edge 的webdrivers 一起使用。
在过去 12 个月内，这些选项可用于selenium以绕过Cloudflare保护。不幸的是，这些选项今天不起作用
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
# additional disable-blink-features are available in Chromium source code on Github
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
下面是使用 Chrome webdriver 和上述开关的selenium代码示例。
from selenium import webdriver
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument(
"user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36")
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/usr/local/bin/chromedriver', options=chrome_options)
URL = "https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934"
driver.get(URL)
上面的代码打开一个浏览器会话，该会话面临Cloudflare Javascript 挑战。在使用上述开关进行测试期间，这一挑战不会停止。所述的CloudFlare雷ID，其是每个请求的唯一id旋转多次我手动终止会话之前。
需要seleniumwire来获取状态码
下面是一个headless模式 Chrome webdriver 会话，它还显示了目标 URL 的 403 Forbidden 错误代码。会议还表明hcaptcha.com反僵尸技术现在正在混合使用。
from seleniumwire import webdriver
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
chrome_options.add_argument(
"user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36")
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/usr/local/bin/chromedriver', options=chrome_options)
URL = "https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934"
driver.get(URL)
for request in driver.requests:
print(f'Status Code: {request.response}')
print(f'Host Name: {request.host}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 302
Host Name: hcaptcha.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: newassets.hcaptcha.com
-----------------------
driver.quit()
使用 UI 的标准 Chrome 网络驱动程序会话显示带有“我是人类”复选框的 iFrame 。
如果我手动或使用selenium会话单击该按钮，则会收到图片验证码提示，这会增加绕过Cloudflare保护的复杂性。
cf_clearance cookie
当Cloudflare CAPTCHA 或 Javascript 挑战得到解决时，会在客户端浏览器中设置cf_clearance cookie。该cf_clearance饼干有30分钟的默认生存期，但在配置CloudFlare的客户端。
如果您在 Google Chrome 浏览器中手动打开 OP 的目标 URL，您可以使用开发者工具看到cf_clearance cookie
根据此会话开始的 UTC 时间和为 cookie 设置的到期日期，似乎cf_clearance cookie 生存期设置为 60 分钟。
到目前为止，我还没有找到使用 Python 提取此 cookie 的方法。